Check This Out: A Much Easier Explanation, A Revised Version
The ideas behind 3D/4D.SE are very important because they are the ‘basics’ of Square Edging (MSM-1 Format). In dealing with 5D/6D.SE and 7D/8D.SE, the procedures you learned in 3D/4D.SE are always included.
The 5D/6D.SE is the start of the “real square edging”. In this topic, you will soon begin to appreciate the things that you learned from the past (specially, the SSQ Method).
Five-Digit Square
Given Problem: What is the square root of 73,441?
√73,441 = ?
Using what we learned from 3D/4D.SE, we can proceed as follows;
Step 1
√07’34’41
Step 2 :
√07’34’41
Step 3:
√07’34’41
2 _ 1
_ _ 9
Step 4 :
√07’34’41
2 _ 1
2 _ 9
Now, our problem is how to get the middle digit.
Step 5
Instead of leaving the middle of each possible square roots blanks, simply put a letter “N” between 2 and 1. In the same way, put also an N between 2 and 9.
√07’34’41
2 N 1
2 N 9
Now, to find out the missing digits, apply the SSQ Method
Looking For the Missing Digits
Square Edging is not really the opposite or reverse process of SSQ. In fact, they are the same. The only difference is that in SSQ, what we are looking for is the total sum. While in S.E, the total sum is already given and what we are looking for is the missing digit or digits.
To make our search for the missing digits easy and simple, let us first consider the first incomplete square root.
2N12 = ?
Step 6
Create a PSL
2N12 = 04’nn’01 ← PSL
The capital letter ‘N’, represent the missing digit and the small “nn”, its equivalent index square. We do not really have an idea of what these ‘N’ and ‘nn’ are, but including them in our equations will make things easier for us.
Step 7
Cross multiply N to the digit on its right and multiply again by 2. Just leave it that way. It temporarily represent SP1.
Nx1x2 = ? ← SP1
Total Sum
I mentioned before that the difference of SE from SSQ is that in SE, the total sum is already given. Use the digits in the given number as the total sum. Do not include the square root sign “ √ "
√07’34’41 becomes “ 07’34’41 ”
Step 8
Create a T-Sum
07’34’41 ← TSum
Step 9
Put them all together - the PSL, temporary SP1 and T-Sum. Put a plus sign + to the temporary SP1, to indicate that you wish to add the temporary SP1 to the PSL.
.... 2N12 = 04’nn’01 ← PSL
.+Nx1x2 = ? ← SP1
………… 07’34’41 ← TSum
Link to the Missing Digit
If you look at it closely, the last two-digit of the PSL is 01, while the last two-digit of the T Sum is 41”. This is the link for us to know, the missing middle digit. If the last digit of SP1 must be in the tens decimal place, we should "focus our attention" to the "tens decimal places of the PSL and the T-Sum".
0 ← at tens decimal place of the PSL
4 ← at tens decimal place of the PSL
In SSQ, to get the total sum, we must add the sub-product SP1 to the PSL.
0 + ? = 4
What number we must add to 0 to have a sum equal to 4?
The answer is 4.
So the last digit of SP1 is 4
Nx1x2 = ..4 ← SP1
Use the notation “..” (two dots), to indicate that maybe, there are digits before 4 but we do not know yet, what they are. The important thing is that, we have now an idea of what the last digit of SP1.
Knowing the Middle Digit
In N x 1x 2, we can multiply 1 by 2, but not N. Simply multiply 1 x 2.
N x 1 x 2 = N x 2
N x 2 -= ..4
N represents a single digit number. So what is that single-digit number, when you multiplied by 2, give us a product that ends with 4?
There always two numbers
N = 2, 7
If we replace N by 2, 2x2 = 4
If we replace N by 7, 7x2 = 14
Complementary Multiplicands
Always remember that all sub-products are in even numbers. In multiplication, if the multiplier is an even number, there is always a pair of multiplicands that will give products that ends with the same last digits.
Table of Complementary Multiplicands
(Note: Each pair of digits when multiplied by the same even number give products that ends with the same last digits
0 and 5
1 and 6
2 and 7
3 and 8
4 and 9
Step 9
Instead of N, write down the its equivalent digits
221
272
We have now the first set of possible square roots.
Step 10: Repeat the process for 2N9, start again in step 6.
Check if we have the same data for 2N9
PSL of 2N9 = 04'nn'81
Temporary SP1 = Nx9x2
N x 18 can be written as Nx8
N x 8 = ..6
N = 2,7
Our second set of possible square roots is;
229
279
So now we completed the four possible square roots
221
271
229
279
But only one of them is the true square root of 07’34’41
Which among the four possible square roots is the true square root? We can use the 3D.SSQ, squaring them, one at a time.But it will take a lot of time and effort for you to do that. Don’t worry, there is a better way.
Squares Ending in 25
I think it would be helpful, if I’ll teach you first, a “trick” in squaring two-digit numbers ending in 5 (or numbers in the multiples of 5).
Table of Multiples of Five Squares (M5.Sq)
052 = 0’25
152 = 2’25
252 = 6’25
352 = 12’25
452 = 20’25
552 = 30’25
652 = 42’25
752 = 56’25
852 = 72’25
952 = 90’25
But actually, there is no need to memorize the table above. If you will notice, all squares in the multiples of 5 always end in 25. But check this out;
0 x 1 = 0
052 = 0’25
1 x 2 = 2
152 = 2’25
2 x 3 = 6
252 = 6’25
3 x 4 = 12
352 = 12’25
.
.
.
9 x 10 = 90
952 = 90’25
Easy Trick
Example:
852 = ?
Step 1
Check the first digit of the given number
The first digit in 852 is 8
First digit = 8
Step 2
Multiply that digit to a number next to it, higher by 1
The digit next to 8 is 9
8 x 9 = 72
Step 3
Write down their product. Also write next to it, the digits 25 with the sign ’
72’25
Therefore,
852 = 72’25
That’s how easy to do that trick.
Parameter Check
Prof. Barbosa’s Method (remember that helpful tips in Four-Digit Square Edging?) is only effective (or accurate), in dealing with two possible square roots. But this time, we have four possible square roots.
All the possible square roots (221, 729, 771 and 771) are, in-between 200 and 300. We can use that limitation as our “parameter”, to correctly guess the location of the true square root of 07’34’41. But the limit provided by 700 and 800, is just not enough. We need the middle-half of 700 and 800 to make our search, more precise and accurate.
The ‘actual’ parameter checker, if we consider the possible square roots in their actual values (3-digit numbers) can be represented this way:
Parameter Checker
3002 = 09’00’00
2502 = 06’25’00
2002 = 04’00’00
Looking at the right side values of the parameter checker, the given number, 07’34’41 is less than 09’00’00 but greater than 06’25’00. So, 07’34’41 is in-between 09’00’00 and 06’25’00. It is in the higher limit area (H.L.A.).
Looking at left side of the P-Chk (parameter checker), the ‘true square root’ should also be, in-between 250 and 300 (or in the higher limit area). If we arrange the four possible square roots, from lowest to highest, it will appear this way;
221, 229, 271, 279.
The P. Chk is giving us a clue that the ‘true square root’ is higher than 250 but less than 300. 221 is lower than 250, so we must exclude it. The same way, 229 is also lower than 250. So the only remaining possible square roots are 271 and 279. So, we reduced our possible squares from 4 into only 2 possible square roots.
271
279
The Parameter Checker only gives us an idea, in which area (higher or lower limit area), the true square root might be located. But it is not enough. In H.L.A. (higher limit area), where we assumed the location of the true square root of 7’34’41, two possible square roots still remained (271 and 279). Which among the two is the correct answer? One way to know it is by using the 3D.SSQ. But again, it would be a long process. Don’t worry, there’s another way.
Square Root Locator
We need to further sub-divide the HLA into two parts – upper portion and the lower portion. To do that, we need a middle number between 250 and 300. That middle number will become a boundary that will separate the upper portion from the lower portion of the HLA.
How to know the middle number between 250 and 300? Just follow these instructions:
First: Add 250 and 300
250 + 300 = 550
Second: Divide the sum by two
550 ÷ 2 = 275
The Middle-Half of 250 and 300 = 275
The first group of data for our Square Root Locator will appear as;
300
275
275
250
Next, square them and write down their equivalent square values;
3002 = 9’00’00
2752 = ?
2502 = 6’25’00
But how we can get the square of 275? It can be done by SSQ but there is an alternate way. Just follow again these similar instructions:
First: Add 9’00’00 and 6’25’00
9’00’00 + 6’25’00 = 15’25’00
Second: Divide the Sum by two
15’25’00 ÷ 2 = 7’62’50
Third: Subtract the quotient by 6’25
7’62’50 – 6’25 = 7’56’25
2752 = 7’56’25
Now, we have a complete data for Square Root Locator
3002 = 9’00’00
2752 = 7’56’25
2502 = 6’25’00
Let us sub-divide them into two parts;
(A)
3002 = 9’00’00 \ Upper portion, which is between 275 and 300
2752 = 7’56’25 /← Middle Boundary that separate the upper and lower portions
2502 = 6’25’00
(B)
3002 = 9’00’00
2752 = 7’56’25 \← Middle Boundary that separate the upper and lower portions
2502 = 6’25’00 / Lower portion, which is between 250 and 275
Looking at the right side data of the Sq. Rt. Loc., the given value, 7’34’41 is below 7’56’25 but above 6’25’00, so it belongs to the lower portion of the HLA.
The two possible square roots have also their respective locations.
279 is above 275 but below 300 (ignore their square signs “ 2 ” ) or in the upper portion.
While 271 is between 275 and 250 or in lower portion.
If 7’34’41 is in the lower portion, it must also follow that the corresponding data on its left side might be its equivalent square root. 271 is also in the lower portion.
Therefore, the true square root is 271.
√7’34’41 = 271
